ACHERNAR (Alpha Eridani). There are 22 classical "first magnitude" stars in the sky. Of
these, nine are so bright that in modern times they had to be
placed into even brighter categories, seven into "zeroth" magnitude
(the brightest of which is Alpha
Centauri) and two (Canopus and Sirius) into the exclusive "minus-first
magnitude" group. Of these nine,
Achernar ranks last, right behind
Procyon in Canis
Minor and just beating out Hadar in southern Centaurus. (Because of its
variability, Betelgeuse in Orion can sometimes make zeroth magnitude
as well.) Achernar, however, is nowhere nearly as well known to
northerners, as it is a deep southern star, visible only to those
who live below 32 degrees north latitude, and easily noted only
from the tropics and south. The name, from an Arabic phrase, means
"the end of the river," as appropriate for the star that ends the
southerly flow of Eridanus, the River,
the celestial depiction of River Ocean, a meandering flow of mostly
faint stars that originates with Cursa, on
which Orion rests his foot. Appropriate to its brilliance,
Achernar is also the Alpha star, while Cursa, number two, is the
Beta. Achnernar is so far south that it was not originally part of
this long, thin constellation, which originally ended at Acamar (Theta Eridani), from which Achernar
took its name when the river was allowed in more modern times to
flow farther to the south. Achernar, a hot class B (B3) dwarf, is
the hottest of the top nine, rather handily beating out Rigel in Orion. Yet surprisingly, for such
a bright star, its temperature is not well known, various measures
running from 14,500 to 19,300 Kelvin. From its distance of 140
light years (second Hipparcos reduction,
the lower temperature gives a luminosity 2700 times
that of the Sun, while the upper gives 5100
(the difference caused in part by different estimates of the amount
of ultraviolet radiation). The radius then ranges between 8.2 and
6.4 times solar. Interferometer measures show the star to be
distinctively flattened, the result of a minimum 225
kilometer-per-second rotation speed. The
projected minor and major axes are
respectively measured to be 7.5 by 11.6 Suns across
(which gives a rotation period of under 2.1 days), which
agrees better with that derived from the lower temperature. The
higher temperature, however, is more in tune with that indicated by
the spectral class. The temperature problem has to do with
Achernar's high spin velocity, which helps turn it into a "Be," or
"B-emission," star that has a belt of emitting gas circulating in
its equator, Achernar losing mass at a rate thousands of times that
of the Sun. As a result, the diameter and temperature are both
hard to determine. Equally, if not more, important, in an oblate
star, the poles are hotter than the equator such that there really
is no single defining temperature. Achernar is also a member of a
peculiar class of "Lambda Eridani" stars that show tiny but very
regular periodic light variations that may be caused by actual
complex pulsations or by rotation and dark "starspots." No one
really knows. We do know, however, that Achernar is massive,
containing six to eight times the solar mass. It is now normally
fusing hydrogen into helium in its deep core and will eventually
die as a massive
white dwarf like Sirius B.
All this action is watched by a close
companion that averages
roughly a dozen Astronomical Units away from Achernar proper with
an orbital period estimated to be around 12 years. Infrared
observations suggest that it is a warm class A (A1-A3) dwarf
similar to Vega or Sirius.
Written by Jim Kaler 12/24/99; last updated
1/28/11). Return to STARS.