NAOS (Zeta Puppis). All stars amaze, from the brightest to dimmest, all
remarkable concentrations of matter that run -- or have run -- on
some form of nuclear fusion that converts matter to energy. But
some amaze more than others. Below Sirius, in the great craft of
the Argonauts, Argo, lies Naos, the Greek
name meaning "the ship." Argo is so large that in the nineteenth
century, astronomers took to breaking it into parts,
Carina, the
Keel (which contains Canopus),
Vela, the
Sails, and
Puppis, the Stern. Naos, the Zeta star of Argo, fell
into Puppis, and is now known also as Zeta Puppis. At the dim end
of second magnitude (2.25), Naos seems to be just one more star scattered
below the Larger Dog. In fact it is one of the brightest O stars (O5)
in the sky, class O
being the rarest and hottest of all normally
classified stars. Its large distance of 1400 light years shows it
to be visually 22,000 times more luminous than the
Sun. Its high
temperature of 42,000 Kelvin, however, causes most of the star's
radiation to be emitted in the invisible ultraviolet, and when that
is taken into account, the total luminosity comes in at three-quarters of
a million times solar.
For us to be comfortable with such a star, our Earth
would have to orbit at a distance 20 times that of Pluto from the
Sun. Its high luminosity and temperature show it to have a mass as
much as 60 times
solar, almost half the maximum allowed for stars, and to be an
evolved
supergiant. With a radius 17 times solar, the star
is dying and is most likely now fusing helium into carbon and
oxygen in its core. Typical of its breed, the enormous brightness
helps produce a wind that blows erratically at a fierce 2300
kilometers per second, the star losing over a millionth of a solar
mass a year. While that may sound small, it is 10 million times
the rate lost in the solar wind, which is powerful enough to
produce aurorae and comet tails. The star's evolutionary state and
winds have altered the chemical nature of the surface, Naos having
twice as much helium as normal and probably enriched in nitrogen
too. Naos is a fine example of a class O "runaway" star, one that
has been ejected at high speed (nearly 100 km/s) from its place of
origin, Naos's in the neighboring constellation Vela. Over the
past one to two million years, much of its short life, the star has
moved some 500 light years. Such stars are invariably single and
spin much faster than normal O stars, Naos at least 220 kilometers
per second at its equator, 100 times the Sun's rotation speed. No
one knows exactly how massive stars can get such a high kick. One
theory suggests that runaways are sent flying when a companion
explodes, another that these stars are ejected by gravitational
interactions within a birth cluster. Whatever the case, Naos
itself will almost certainly explode as a
supernova
sometime within the astronomically near future.
Update 2008: Analysis of Naos's motion shows it to have been ejected
two and a half million years ago from a
cluster called Trumpler 10, and that its distance is 970 light
years rather than 1400. The star is now some 8.5 degrees,
roughly 400 light years, away from the cluster.
The new distance lowers the star's luminosity to
360,000 Suns, the radius to 11 times solar, and the mass to 40 Suns
(though others derive 22.5 solar masses).
The triangle that makes the lower part of
Canis Major is at upper left.
Naos, Zeta Puppis, seems to have been ejected 2.5 million years ago
from the cluster Trumpler 10, which now lies 8.5 degrees, or
some 400 light years, away.
Written by Jim Kaler 3/26/99; last updated
7/25/08. Return to STARS.